3,6-二-O-(a-D-吡喃甘露糖基)-D-吡喃甘露糖,3,6-Di-O-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)-D-mannopyranose

3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose, also known as M2 receptor, is a glycan structure that is widely found in various biological contexts. This glycan structure is composed of two mannoses, which are linked together by an α-1,3 linkage, and one mannose that is linked to the first mannose by an α-1,6 linkage. The purpose of this paper is to provide an informative and engaging overview of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose, including its definition and background, physical and chemical properties, synthesis and characterization, analytical methods, biological properties, toxicity and safety in scientific experiments, applications in scientific experiments, the current state of research, potential implications in various fields of research and industry, and limitations and future directions.

Definition and Background:

3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose is a glycan structure that is commonly found in the cells of mammals, plants, and bacteria. It is synthesized by the enzymatic transfer of mannose residues to a specific precursor molecule, which can vary depending on the type of organism. The structure of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose was first characterized in the early 1980s, and since then, it has been studied for its potential biological and biotechnological applications.

Physical and Chemical Properties:

3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose is a white, crystalline substance that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. It has a molecular weight of approximately 570 g/mol and a chemical formula of C22H40O19. The glycan structure contains three hydroxyl groups, which can participate in various chemical reactions to produce derivatives of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose. The glycan structure is stable under normal conditions, but it can be hydrolyzed by enzymes that cleave alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6 linkages.

Synthesis and Characterization:

3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose can be synthesized using a variety of strategies, including enzymatic synthesis, chemical synthesis, and microbial synthesis. Enzymatic synthesis is often the preferred method because it produces the glycan structure in high purity and yield. The characterization of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose is typically performed using analytical methods such as HPLC, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.

Analytical Methods:

The analysis of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose is typically performed using various analytical methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. HPLC is the most commonly used method to separate and quantify 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose from other molecules in a sample. NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine the chemical structure and molecular weight of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose.

Biological Properties:

3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose has been found to play important roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell adhesion, and immune response. Studies have shown that 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose can bind to various receptors on the cell surface, including the 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose muscarinic receptor and the DC-SIGN receptor. This binding can trigger immune responses, such as the activation of T cells and the production of cytokines.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

Studies have shown that 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose is non-toxic and safe for use in scientific experiments. However, care should be taken when handling the glycan structure to avoid inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose has many potential applications in scientific experiments, including glycoengineering, drug delivery, and vaccine development. For example, 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose can be used as a carrier molecule to deliver drugs or vaccines to specific cells. It can also be used to engineer glycoproteins with specific biological functions.

Current State of Research:

Research on 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose is still ongoing, with a focus on its biological and biotechnological applications. Several studies have investigated the use of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose as a therapeutic agent for diseases such as cancer and HIV, and as a vaccine adjuvant. Other studies have focused on the synthesis and characterization of derivatives of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose with enhanced biological properties.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

The potential implications of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose in various fields of research and industry are numerous. In the pharmaceutical industry, it can be used as a drug delivery system, vaccine adjuvant, or therapeutic agent for various diseases. In biotechnology, it can be used to engineer proteins with specific biological functions or to produce high-value glycoproteins. In agriculture, it can be used to enhance plant growth and stress tolerance.

Limitations and Future Directions:

One of the limitations of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose is its high cost of production, which limits its widespread use in various applications. Future research should focus on developing more cost-effective methods for the synthesis and production of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose and its derivatives. Additionally, research should also focus on the development of new analytical methods for the detection and quantification of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose in various samples. Future directions for research may also include exploring the potential applications of 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose in fields such as materials science, environmental science, and energy.

In conclusion, 3,6-Di-O-(alpha-mannopyranosyl)mannose is a glycan structure that has many potential applications in various fields of research and industry. Its synthesis, characterization, and biological properties have been extensively studied, and it has been shown to be safe for use in scientific experiments. However, more research is needed to develop cost-effective methods for its production and to explore its potential applications in new fields.