D-Glucamine

D-萄糖胺,

D-Glucamine is a monosodium salt of D-glucose. It is used as an osmotic agent to increase the volume of blood and fluids in patients with acute kidney injury, hepatic failure, or burns. D-Glucamine has been shown to have pharmacokinetic properties that are similar to those of glucose. It can be used as a substrate for glycolysis in cells and can provide energy for cellular processes. D-Glucamine has been shown to have antiviral effects against hepatitis A virus, influenza virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1. This drug also has anti-inflammatory properties, which may be due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. The toxic effects of D-glucamine are limited to acute toxicity studies in animals and do not include carcinogenicity or mutagenicity studies.

D-Glucamine, also known as glucosamine, is a naturally occurring amino sugar found in various organisms, including humans, fungi, bacteria, and shellfish. It plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are essential components of cartilage, connective tissue, and other structures in the body. D-Glucamine has attracted considerable attention due to its potential biological properties and applications in various fields of research and industry. In this paper, we will provide an overview of D-Glucamine, including its physical and chemical properties, synthesis, characterization, analytical methods, biological properties, toxicity and safety in scientific experiments, applications in scientific experiments, current state of research, potential implications in various fields of research and industry, limitations and future directions.

Definition and Background:

D-Glucamine is an amino sugar that contains an amine group and a hydroxyl group instead of a carboxylic acid group found in typical amino acids. It is derived from glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions, and it can exist in various forms, including free base, hydrochloride, and sulfate. D-Glucamine has been widely used as a dietary supplement and a nutraceutical for promoting joint health and reducing inflammation, as well as a precursor for the synthesis of various bioactive compounds, such as chitin, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid.

Synthesis and Characterization:

D-Glucamine can be synthesized from glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions, including isomerization, epimerization, N-acetylation, and deacetylation. The most common source of D-Glucamine is shellfish, such as shrimp and crab, which contain high levels of chitin and chitosan, the precursors of D-Glucamine. Alternatively, D-Glucamine can be synthesized via chemical methods, such as hydrolysis of chitin with strong acids or alkaline solutions. The purity and quality of D-Glucamine can be determined by various analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Analytical Methods:

HPLC and GC are the most commonly used analytical methods for the quantification of D-Glucamine. HPLC uses a stationary phase consisting of a polar material, such as silica gel, and a mobile phase consisting of a solvent mixture, such as water and methanol, to separate D-Glucamine from other compounds. GC uses a stationary phase consisting of a nonpolar material, such as a fused silica capillary column, and a mobile phase consisting of a carrier gas, such as helium or nitrogen, to separate D-Glucamine based on their boiling points or vapor pressures. NMR spectroscopy is used to identify the chemical structure of D-Glucamine by measuring the nuclear spin properties of its atoms.

Biological Properties:

D-Glucamine has been reported to possess various biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-tumor effects. It is believed that D-Glucamine exerts these effects by modulating various signaling pathways, such as the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the Wnt pathway. D-Glucamine has also been shown to promote cartilage formation and inhibit cartilage degradation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis. Furthermore, D-Glucamine has been reported to enhance the immune system and improve gut health, indicating its potential as a functional food ingredient.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

D-Glucamine is generally considered safe for consumption, with no significant adverse effects reported in human clinical trials or animal studies. However, some studies have reported possible interactions between D-Glucamine and certain medications, such as warfarin, which can increase the risk of bleeding. It is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking D-Glucamine supplements, especially if you are taking medications or have a medical condition.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

D-Glucamine has been used in various scientific experiments for its potential biological properties and applications. For example, D-Glucamine has been used as a precursor for the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles, which can be used as drug delivery systems for cancer therapeutics or gene therapy. D-Glucamine has also been used as a coating material for biomedical implants, such as hip and knee replacements, to enhance their stability and biocompatibility. Furthermore, D-Glucamine has been used as a substrate for the production of biofuels, such as ethanol and butanol, by various microorganisms.

Current State of Research:

D-Glucamine has been extensively studied in various fields of research, including medicine, materials science, and biotechnology. Numerous studies have investigated its potential biological properties and applications, as well as its safety and toxicity profiles. D-Glucamine has shown promising results in various preclinical and clinical studies, but more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

D-Glucamine has the potential to impact various fields of research and industry, including medicine, food, materials science, and biotechnology. In medicine, D-Glucamine can be used as a therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis, cancer, and other diseases. In food, D-Glucamine can be used as a functional ingredient to enhance gut health and immunity, as well as for the production of functional foods, such as probiotic yogurts. In materials science, D-Glucamine can be used as a coating material for various biomedical implants and as a precursor for the synthesis of bio-based materials, such as bioplastics and biodegradable polymers. In biotechnology, D-Glucamine can be used as a substrate for the production of biofuels and other bio-based products, as well as for the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles and other nanomaterials.

Limitations and Future Directions:

Despite its potential applications and biological properties, D-Glucamine has some limitations that need to be addressed in future research. First, the safety and toxicity of D-Glucamine need to be thoroughly evaluated, especially in long-term studies and in different populations. Second, the optimal dose and administration route of D-Glucamine need to be determined to maximize its therapeutic efficacy and minimize its side effects. Third, the mechanisms of action of D-Glucamine need to be elucidated to better understand its interactions with various signaling pathways and cellular processes. Fourth, the production methods of D-Glucamine need to be optimized to minimize the environmental impact and reduce the cost of production. Fifth, the potential applications of D-Glucamine in various fields need to be further explored to maximize its economic and societal benefits.

Conclusion:

D-Glucamine is a naturally occurring amino sugar with potential biological properties and applications in various fields of research and industry. It has shown promising results in various preclinical and clinical studies, but more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. D-Glucamine has the potential to impact various fields, including medicine, food, materials science, and biotechnology. Its safety and toxicity need to be thoroughly evaluated, and its production methods need to be optimized to minimize the environmental impact and reduce the cost of production.

Title: Glucamine

CAS Registry Number: 488-43-7

CAS Name: 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol

Additional Names: 1-amino-1-deoxysorbitol; glycamine; D-glucamine

Molecular Formula: C6H15NO5

Molecular Weight: 181.19

Percent Composition: C 39.77%, H 8.34%, N 7.73%, O 44.15%

Literature References: Prepn from D-glucose: Holly et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 5416 (1950); from N-benzylglycamine: Kagan et al., ibid. 79, 3541 (1957); by catalytic reduction of glucose in the presence of hydrazine: Lemieux, US 2830983 (1958 to Natl. Res. Council, Ottawa). Commercial prepn: Flint, Salzberg, US 2016962 (1935 to du Pont); Groggins, Stirton, Ind. Eng. Chem. 29, 1358 (1937).

Properties: Crystals from methanol, mp 127°. Sharp, slightly sweet taste. [a]D15 -7.95° (c = 10 in water). Very sol in water; slightly sol in alcohol. Practically insol in ether.

Melting point: mp 127°

Optical Rotation: [a]D15 -7.95° (c = 10 in water)