Isoprinosina, Inosiplex, Viruxan, Delimmum, Methisoprinol, 异丙肌苷

Inosine pranobex is a combination of inosine and isoprinosine. It is used in the treatment of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, or snake bites. The optimum concentration of this drug is not yet known. The combination therapy group showed statistical improvement over the untreated group in terms of disease activity (p=0.05). Treatment with Inosine pranobex was better than treatment with calcium pantothenate alone in an experimental model.

Isoprinosine is a synthetic purine derivative that has long been used as an immunomodulatory agent. It was first synthesized in the 1950s and was initially developed as an antiviral drug. Isoprinosine is marketed under various names such as Imunovir, Inosine pranobex, and Methisoprinol. The drug is believed to restore levels of immune cell function and, as a result, has been used to treat a range of conditions from viral infections to cancer.

Synthesis and Characterization:

The synthesis of isoprinosine involves the reaction of inosine with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) or its esters. The resulting compound is purified by crystallization and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and Mass Spectrometry.

Analytical Methods:

Various analytical techniques have been employed to determine the purity and quality of isoprinosine. These include High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Biological Properties:

Isoprinosine has been shown to modulate immune function in humans and animals. It enhances the proliferation and differentiation of T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells. Isoprinosine has also been associated with the production of cytokines, which regulate immune response in the body.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

Studies have shown that isoprinosine is generally well-tolerated and safe when used at therapeutic doses. However, like all drugs, isoprinosine can cause adverse effects, especially when used in high doses or for prolonged periods. These effects include allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and skin rashes.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

Isoprinosine has been used extensively in clinical and preclinical studies to evaluate its potential therapeutic benefits. It has been tested in various infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B, Herpes simplex, and AIDS. Isoprinosine has also shown efficacy against cancer cells, and several studies have suggested its potential use in treating multiple sclerosis.

Current State of Research:

Research on the therapeutic potential of isoprinosine is ongoing. Several preclinical and clinical studies are underway to evaluate its efficacy against various diseases. Recent studies have suggested that isoprinosine may have a potential application in the treatment of COVID-19.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

Isoprinosine has the potential to revolutionize several fields of research and industry. Its immunomodulatory properties make it a promising agent in the treatment of infectious and autoimmune diseases. Isoprinosine can also be applied in the development of novel therapeutics for cancer and other chronic diseases.

Limitations and Future Directions:

Despite its potential applications, there are several limitations to the use of isoprinosine. One of the major limitations is its unknown mechanism of action. Also, there is a lack of standardization in the dosages and treatment regimens of the drug. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanism of action, optimizing the dosages and treatment regimens, and exploring the potential applications of isoprinosine in the development of novel therapeutics.

Title: Inosine Pranobex

CAS Registry Number: 36703-88-5

CAS Name: Inosine mono[4-(acetylamino)benzoate] (salt) compd with 1-(dimethylamino)-2-propanol (1:3)

Additional Names: inosine:dimethylaminoisopropanol acetamidobenzoate (1:3); inosiplex; methisoprinol

Manufacturers' Codes: NP-113; NPT-10381

Trademarks: Aviral (Medici Domus); Delimmun (Newport); Imunoviral (Newport); Isoprinosin (Newport); Isoprinosina (Newport); Isoprinosine (Newport); Isoviral (Lenza); Modimmunal (Ravizza); Pranosina (Newport); Pranosine (Newport); Viruxan (Newport)

Molecular Formula: C52H78N10O17

Molecular Weight: 1115.23

Percent Composition: C 56.00%, H 7.05%, N 12.56%, O 24.39%

Literature References: Immunostimulant complex formed from the p-acetamidobenzoate salt of dimethylaminoisopropanol and inosine in a 3:1 molar ratio. Prepn: P. Gordon, DE 1965431; idem, US 3646007 (1971, 1972 both to Newport Pharm.). Antiviral activity: E. R. Brown, P. Gordon, Can. J. Microbiol. 18, 1463 (1972); R. L. Muldoon et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2, 224 (1972). Stimulatory effect on T-cell function: L. Binderup, Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 7, 93 (1985). Pharmacology and therapeutic potential: D. M. Campoli-Richards et al., Drugs 32, 383 (1986). Clinical immunopharmacology: A. J. Glasky, J. F. Gordon, Cancer Detect. Prev. Suppl. 1, 597 (1987). Clinical trial in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): C. E. Jones et al., Lancet 1, 1034 (1982); G. Gascon et al., Brain Dev. 15, 346 (1993). Clinical trial in pre-AIDS patients: C. Pedersen et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 1757 (1990). Review of efficacy in HIV infection: C. De Simone et al., Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 13, Suppl. 1, 19-27 (1991).

Properties: Neutral water-soluble solid. LD50 in mice and rats (mg/kg): >4000 orally and i.p. (Gordon).

Toxicity data: LD50 in mice and rats (mg/kg): >4000 orally and i.p. (Gordon)

Therap-Cat: Immunomodulator; antiviral.

Keywords: Antiviral; Purines/Pyrimidinones; Immunomodulator.