Zanamivir, 扎那米韦

Zanamivir amine triacetate methyl ester

Zanamivir is a potent antiviral medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as neuraminidase inhibitors. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline and was approved for use by the FDA in 1999. Zanamivir is primarily used for the treatment and prevention of influenza virus infections.

Synthesis and Characterization

Zanamivir is synthesized from L-valine through a six-step process. The final step involves the coupling of a guanidine group and a sialic acid derivative to form the neuraminidase inhibitor. Zanamivir can be characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

Analytical Methods

Zanamivir can be analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). These methods are used to determine the purity, quality, and stability of the drug.

Biological Properties

Zanamivir is a competitive inhibitor of neuraminidase, an enzyme that is essential for the release of viral particles from infected cells. It blocks the activity of neuraminidase, preventing the spread of the virus. Zanamivir has been shown to be effective against various strains of influenza A and B viruses.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments

Zanamivir has been shown to have low toxicity in animal studies. The drug has been reported to be well-tolerated in clinical trials, with the most common side effects being mild respiratory tract symptoms.

Applications in Scientific Experiments

Zanamivir has been used extensively in scientific experiments to study influenza viruses and their interactions with host cells. The drug has also been used to investigate the effectiveness of various neuraminidase inhibitors as antiviral agents.

Current State of Research

Research on zanamivir has focused on improving its effectiveness against emerging strains of influenza viruses. There has also been interest in developing new methods for synthesizing and delivering the drug.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry

Zanamivir has potential implications in various fields, including antiviral drug development, infectious disease research, and biodefense. The drug may also have potential applications in veterinary medicine.

Limitations and Future Directions

Despite its effectiveness, zanamivir has some limitations, including the emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza virus. Future research will need to focus on the development of new antiviral drugs that can overcome these limitations. Possible future directions include the development of combination therapies that target multiple aspects of the viral life cycle, improved drug delivery methods, and the use of zanamivir as a tool for studying viral pathogenesis.

In conclusion, zanamivir is a potent antiviral drug that has been used extensively in influenza virus research. The drug has low toxicity and is well-tolerated in clinical trials. However, zanamivir has limitations, and future research will need to focus on developing new antiviral drugs that can overcome these limitations and improve their efficacy.

Title: Zanamivir

CAS Registry Number: 139110-80-8

CAS Name: 5-(Acetylamino)-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2,6-anhydro-3,4,5-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enonic acid

Additional Names: 4-guanidino-2,4-dideoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid; 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en; 5-acetamido-4-guanidino-2,3,4,5-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enopyranosonic acid

Manufacturers' Codes: GG-167; GR-121167X

Trademarks: Relenza (GSK)

Molecular Formula: C12H20N4O7

Molecular Weight: 332.31

Percent Composition: C 43.37%, H 6.07%, N 16.86%, O 33.70%

Literature References: Influenza viral neuraminidase inhibitor; structural analog of the sialic acids, q.v. Prepn: L. M. von Itzstein et al., WO 9116320; eidem, US 5360817 (1991, 1994 both to Biota); M. von Itzstein et al., Carbohydr. Res. 259, 301 (1994). Structure-activity study: eidem et al., Nature 363, 418 (1993). Inhibition of sialidase (neuraminidase) from influenza virus: M. S. Pegg, M. von Itzstein, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 32, 851 (1994). In vitro antiviral activity: J. M. Woods et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 1473 (1993). HPLC determn in serum: R. J. Stubbs, A. J. Harker, J. Chromatogr. B 670, 279 (1995). Clinical trial in influenza A and B infection: F. G. Hayden et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 874 (1997); in prevention of influenza in healthy adults: A. S. Monto et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282, 31 (1999).

Properties: Colorless crystals as the sesquihydrate, mp 256° (dec). [a]D20 +40.9° (c = 0.9 in water). Zwitterionic at physiological pH.

Melting point: mp 256° (dec)

Optical Rotation: [a]D20 +40.9° (c = 0.9 in water)

Therap-Cat: Antiviral.

Keywords: Antiviral; Sialic Acid Analogs; Neuraminidase Inhibitor.