5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl sulfate potassium salt , X-sulfate K

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl sulfate, potassium salt is a marker for the detection of bacterial strains. It is an inhibitor of protein synthesis and has been used as a selective agent in microbiological culture. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl sulfate, potassium salt is also a substrate for the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) which catalyzes the conversion of 5-bromoindole to indole. The use of this technique has been shown to be advantageous in studies on the rhizosphere and phenology of bacteria. This technique has also been used to study the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in bacteria.

Potassium 5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl sulfate (BCIS) is an indole derivative with numerous applications in scientific experiments. This paper seeks to provide an overview of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of BCIS, its synthesis, analytical methods, toxicity and safety, and applications in various fields of research and industry.

Definition and Background

BCIS is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H5BrClNNaO4S. It belongs to the indole family of compounds and has a molecular weight of 326.64 g/mol. BCIS is a pale yellow or white crystalline substance that is soluble in water.

Physical and Chemical Properties

BCIS has a melting point of 263-264°C and a boiling point of 612.3°C at 760 mmHg. It is stable under normal conditions and can be stored for prolonged periods without degradation. The compound is mildly acidic with a pKa of 8.8, and its solubility in water increases with temperature.

BCIS is sensitive to light and can undergo photochemical decomposition upon exposure. In acidic and alkaline media, the compound can undergo hydrolysis to form an unstable intermediate product. BCIS is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and should be stored away from them.

Synthesis and Characterization

BCIS can be synthesized through a multistep process that involves the reaction of 5-bromo-4-chloroindole with sodium hydroxide, followed by the reaction of the resulting product with sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide. The compound can be further purified through recrystallization to obtain high yields of pure BCIS.

The characterization of BCIS involves various spectroscopic techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). The chemical structure of BCIS can be confirmed through NMR spectra analysis, which shows characteristic peaks for the indole ring, the sulfate group, and the potassium cation.

Analytical Methods

Various analytical methods are available for the detection and quantification of BCIS in scientific experiments. These include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy.

HPLC is a commonly used method for separating and quantifying BCIS from other compounds in a mixture. GC-MS is used to identify and quantify BCIS in complex matrices, such as biological samples. UV-Vis spectroscopy is used to measure the absorbance of BCIS at different wavelengths and can be used to determine its concentration in a solution.

Biological Properties

BCIS has shown potential biological activity in various studies. It has been reported to exhibit anticancer, antiviral, and antifungal properties. BCIS has also been shown to inhibit the growth of various bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

BCIS has demonstrated anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibiting the migration and invasion of cancer cells. It has also been shown to inhibit the replication of human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments

Toxicity studies have shown that BCIS has low toxicity in animal models. It has been classified as a non-hazardous material by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the European Union (EU) Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation.

However, care should still be taken while handling BCIS in scientific experiments as it can cause skin and eye irritation upon contact. BCIS should be handled in a well-ventilated area, and protective equipment should be worn, such as gloves, goggles, and a lab coat.

Applications in Scientific Experiments

BCIS has numerous applications in scientific experiments. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, particularly in the synthesis of indole derivatives. BCIS is also used as a fluorescent probe for imaging and tracking DNA molecules in live cells.

In addition, BCIS is used as a research tool for investigating biological phenomena, such as cell apoptosis and signal transduction pathways. BCIS has also found use in the development of new anticancer and antiviral drugs.

Current State of Research

Research on BCIS has been focused on its biological and pharmacological properties, as well as its application as a research tool. Recent studies have explored the potential of BCIS as a fluorescent probe for imaging nucleic acids in live cells and the development of new BCIS-based anticancer agents.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry

BCIS has numerous potential applications in various fields of research and industry. In the pharmaceutical industry, BCIS can be used as a lead compound for the development of new anticancer and antiviral drugs. In the materials industry, BCIS can be used as a building block for the synthesis of new organic materials.

Limitations and Future Directions

Despite its potential, BCIS has several limitations that need to be addressed. Its low solubility in water limits its use in biological applications, where aqueous solubility is crucial. BCIS is also sensitive to light, which can limit its applications in some experimental settings.

Future directions for BCIS research include improving its solubility in water and developing new synthetic routes for the compound. In addition, further research is needed to explore the potential of BCIS as a research tool in various biological applications.

In conclusion, BCIS is a versatile and useful compound with numerous potential applications in scientific experiments. Its physical, chemical, and biological properties make it a valuable tool for investigating biological phenomena, developing new drugs, and synthesizing new materials. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of this compound in various fields of research and industry.