Octyl D-glucopyranoside

N-辛基吡喃葡萄糖苷,

Octyl D-glucopyranoside (OGP) is a non-ionic, nondenaturing detergent that is widely used in biochemical and biophysical studies. In this paper, we will explore the physical and chemical properties of OGP, its synthesis and characterization, analytical methods, biological properties, toxicity and safety in scientific experiments, applications in scientific experiments, current research status and potential implications in various fields of research and industry, limitations and future directions.

Definition and Background:

Octyl D-glucopyranoside (OGP) is a synthetic surfactant that belongs to the alkylglucoside family. It has a molecular formula of C14H28O6 and a molecular weight of 292.37 g/mol. OGP possesses a hydrophilic head, consisting of a glucose molecule, and a hydrophobic tail, containing an eight-carbon aliphatic chain.

Physical and Chemical Properties:

OGP has a CMC (Critical Micelle Concentration) of 0.2-0.4 mM and a HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) of 14.3. It is soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol, and can form clear solutions at concentrations of up to 50 mM. OGP has a relatively small micelle size of 4-5 nm, making it ideal for solubilizing proteins and membrane proteins. Its critical micellar temperature is approximately 40–45 °C, and it is stable over a wide range of pH (pH 4.0-10.0).

Synthesis and Characterization:

OGP can be synthesized by reacting octyl alcohol with glucose in the presence of acid as a catalyst. The product is then purified and characterized using various spectroscopic, chromatographic, and mass spectrometric techniques.

Analytical Methods:

OGP is commonly used in protein crystallography, as it can solubilize membrane proteins and improve their stability, scattering, and crystallization. Various analytical methods like Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy are used to study the structure and dynamics of the OGP-membrane protein complex. However, the best analytical method depends on the specific research question, protein properties, and data quality.

Biological Properties:

OGP is biocompatible, non-toxic, and non-denaturing, making it ideal for studying the structure and function of biological macromolecules. OGP can also improve the functionality of membrane proteins, such as ion channels, transporters, and receptors, by stabilizing their native conformation. Moreover, OGP can solubilize bacterial membranes and is used as a detergent in the purification of integral membrane proteins.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

OGP is considered to be safe and non-toxic at concentrations used in scientific experiments. However, it is important to follow standard safety protocols and perform toxicity tests to ensure that OGP does not interfere with experimental results.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

OGP has numerous applications in scientific experiments, such as protein crystallography, membrane protein purification, and NMR spectroscopy. OGP is commonly used in the study of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and in the production of virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccines.

Current State of Research:

OGP has been extensively studied in the field of structural biology and membrane protein research. Its effectiveness in solubilizing membrane proteins and improving their stability has led to increased utilization in studying challenging biological systems. Current research is focused on the development of new strategies for the use of OGP in various fields of research and industry.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

OGP has broad implications in various fields of research and industry. Its effectiveness in solubilizing and stabilizing membrane proteins can be applied to the development of new drugs targeting GPCRs and other membrane proteins. OGP can also be used in the production of VLPs for vaccines and in the study of protein-protein interactions.

Limitations and Future Directions:

Although OGP is considered to be an effective surfactant, it has some limitations that need to be addressed. For example, OGP is not effective in solubilizing highly hydrophobic proteins, and it may cause protein aggregation at higher concentrations. Future research could focus on the development of new, more effective surfactants for membrane protein research, and on the application of OGP in drug development, vaccine production, and protein folding studies.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Octyl D-glucopyranoside is a high-performing surfactant that is widely used in protein crystallography, membrane protein purification, and NMR spectroscopy. Its unique physical and chemical properties make it ideal for solubilizing and stabilizing membrane proteins, resulting in potential implications for various fields of research and industry. While OGP has some limitations, it is expected that future research will focus on developing new surfactants with improved properties and applications.