内醚糖, Levoglucosan , 1,6-脱水-β-D-葡萄糖

1,6-Anhydro-β-D-glucose (Levoglucosa), belonging to the class of anhydrosugars, is an indicator of the burning of biomass in atmospheric aerosol, snow, and ice. It is formed via pyrolysis of glucans, such as cellulose and starch. Levoglucosa is also found in municipal waste and thermochemical processing products of biomass and soil.

Levoglucosan is a anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It has a role as a human metabolite and a biomarker.

Glucosan, also known as leucoglucosan, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oxepanes. Oxepanes are compounds containing an oxepane ring, which is a seven-member saturated aliphatic heterocycle with one oxygen and six carbon atoms. Glucosan exists as a solid, very soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glucosan has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as feces, urine, and blood. Within the cell, glucosan is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Glucosan exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans.

Levoglucosan is a naturally occurring organic compound classified as a pyrolysis product of cellulose, a type of sugar found in plants. It is a white crystalline powder that is odorless and non-toxic. Levoglucosan is commonly found in wood smoke, where it is formed by the thermal degradation of cellulose. The compound has various applications in the field of scientific research and industry.

Physical and Chemical Properties:

Levoglucosan is a water-soluble compound with a molecular formula of C6H10O5. It has a melting point of 205°C, and a boiling point of 468°C. Levoglucosan is relatively stable at high temperatures, but it is unstable in the presence of acids. The compound can be readily hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions, yielding glucose and other products.

Synthesis and Characterization:

Levoglucosan can be synthesized by the thermal degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin under controlled conditions. The product is purified by multiple recrystallizations and characterized by different spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques.

Analytical Methods:

Levoglucosan can be analyzed by different analytical methods including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared spectrometry (IR). These methods are used to identify and quantify levoglucosan in complex mixtures like wood smoke and atmospheric aerosols.

Biological Properties:

Levoglucosan has been shown to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that levoglucosan can modulate the immune response, reduce oxidative stress, and prevent the growth of various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that levoglucosan may have potential applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

Levoglucosan has been classified as a relatively safe compound with no significant toxicity risks. Acute and chronic toxicity studies have shown that levoglucosan has no adverse effects on mammalian cells and tissues. Additionally, the compound has also been shown to be biodegradable and harmless to the environment.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

Levoglucosan has numerous applications in scientific experiments. It is commonly used as a biomarker for wood smoke and atmospheric aerosols. The compound is also used as a standard reference material in analytical chemistry and toxicology. Furthermore, levoglucosan has various applications in the field of material sciences, where it is used as a precursor for the synthesis of nanomaterials and carbon fibers.

Current State of Research:

The current state of research on levoglucosan is focused on the development of new analytical methods, the characterization of its biological properties, and the exploration of its potential applications in different fields. Recent studies have shown that levoglucosan may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other pathological conditions. Moreover, levoglucosan has been suggested as a potential precursor for the synthesis of novel nanomaterials with unique properties.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

Levoglucosan has potential implications in various fields of research and industry, including environmental science, pharmaceuticals, and material sciences. The compound can be used as a biomarker for wood smoke and atmospheric aerosols, providing valuable information on the sources of air pollution. Furthermore, levoglucosan can be utilized in the development of new drugs, materials, and industrial products.

Limitations and Future Directions:

One of the major limitations of levoglucosan is its limited availability and high cost. Additionally, the compound is relatively unstable in the presence of acids, limiting its applications in certain fields. However, recent advancements in the synthesis and characterization of levoglucosan have opened up new avenues for the development of novel applications. Future research on levoglucosan should focus on identifying new biological properties, exploring its potential use in nanomaterials and other innovative technologies, and optimizing its synthesis and characterization methods.

List of Possible Future Directions:

1. Development of new analytical methods for the detection and quantification of levoglucosan in complex mixtures.

2. Exploration of the potential use of levoglucosan in the synthesis of novel nanomaterials with unique properties.

3. Investigation of the biological properties of levoglucosan in different pathological conditions.

4. Optimization of the synthesis and characterization of levoglucosan for industrial and scientific applications.

5. Development of new applications of levoglucosan in the field of material sciences, such as the synthesis of carbon fibers and other industrial products.

6. Evaluation of the environmental impact of levoglucosan in different ecosystems.

7. Assessment of the safety and toxicity risks of levoglucosan in different biological systems and tissues.

8. Identification of the potential use of levoglucosan in the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

9. Investigation of the role of levoglucosan in the regulation of different metabolic pathways.

10. Development of new strategies for the large-scale production and purification of levoglucosan.

Product name: 1,6-Anhydro-beta-D-glucose, Levoglucosan   CAS: 498-07-7

M.F.: C₆H₁₀O₅      M.W.: 162.14     Batch No: 20070418        Quantity: 25kg

References:

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5. Isobe M, et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, p6485