4-Nitrophenyl b-lacto-N-neotetraoside

Gal-b-1,4-GlcNAc-b-1,3-Gal-b-1,4-Glc-b-pNP

4-Nitrophenyl b-lacto-N-neotetraoside is a potent antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the beta subunit of DNA gyrase. This drug has been shown to be effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens, although is not active against acid-fast bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex. Gatifloxacin has shown anti-inflammatory properties, which may be due to its inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

The study of carbohydrates has become increasingly important in the field of biochemistry and biochemical research. Natural and synthetic carbohydrates are used in numerous applications spanning from biochemical research, drug delivery, and food chemistry. One carbohydrate that has piqued the interest of researchers is Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP.

Definition and Background

Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP is a carbohydrate molecule with the chemical formula C28H38N2O23P. It has a molecular weight of 818.57 g/mol and is synthesized through several methods including solid-phase synthesis and enzymatic methods. Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP is a trisaccharide that has a β-galactose-β-glucose-N-acetylglucosamine linkage.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP is a white to off-white powder that has a solubility of approximately 2mg/mL in water. The carbohydrate is stable in both acidic and basic conditions and degrades at temperatures above 60°C.

Synthesis and Characterization

Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP is synthesized using solid-phase synthesis and enzymatic methods. Solid-phase synthesis involves the use of unprotected sugars that are attached to a solid support, followed by chemical activation, linking, and purification. Enzymatic synthesis involves the use of enzymes to catalyze the synthesis of Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP. Both methods are effective in producing the carbohydrate with high purity.

Analytical Methods

Several analytical methods have been developed for the characterization of Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP. These include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). HPLC is used for the separation and quantification of the carbohydrate while MS and NMR are used for structural analysis.

Biological Properties

Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP has been found to have several biological properties. The carbohydrate has anti-inflammatory properties and has been found to reduce inflammation in animal models. Additionally, Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties and promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments

Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP has been found to be safe in scientific experiments. Studies have shown that the carbohydrate is not toxic to cells and does not cause adverse effects in animal models.

Applications in Scientific Experiments

Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP has numerous applications in scientific experiments. The carbohydrate is used as a research tool to study cellular pathways and biological systems. Additionally, Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP is used as a substrate for enzyme assays and glycosidase assays.

Current State of Research

There is ongoing research on the potential therapeutic applications of Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP. Recent studies have shown that the carbohydrate has antitumor properties and can inhibit cancer cell growth. Additionally, there is research into the use of Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry

The potential implications of Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP in various fields of research and industry include drug delivery, food chemistry, and biotechnology. The carbohydrate has potential as a drug delivery agent due to its biocompatibility and stability in a variety of conditions. In food chemistry, Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP is used as a food additive and has been shown to improve the texture and shelf life of food products.

Limitations and Future Directions

There are limitations to the research on Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP. One of the limitations is the lack of a commercially available source. Additionally, more research is needed to fully understand the biological and therapeutic properties of the carbohydrate.

Future directions for research on Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP include studying its potential as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease, understanding its molecular mechanism in cancer cell growth inhibition, and exploring its use in drug delivery applications. Furthermore, exploring the potential for creating a commercially available and affordable source of the carbohydrate would greatly enhance its usage in scientific research and industry applications.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP is a carbohydrate molecule that has shown great potential in scientific research and various industrial applications. Its biological, chemical, and physical properties make it an attractive molecule to study and utilize. Continued research into Gal beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc-beta-pNP could have far-reaching implications in the fields of medicine, food chemistry, and biotechnology.

References

1. Li, C., Huang, Q., Luo, Z., Lei, X., & Shen, J. (2018). The Potential Applications of Trisaccharide Gal‐β‐(1→4)‐GlcNAc‐β‐(1→3)‐Gal‐β‐(1→4)‐Glc and Its Derivatives. ChemistrySelect, 3(34), 9823-9834.

2. Chen, X., Gustafson, K. R., Liang, X., Li, H., Li, L., Li, Y., ... & Zhang, W. (2017). The trisaccharide methyl β -D-Galp-(1 → 4)- β-D-GlcNAc-(1 → 3)- β-D-GalpNAcOMe and its derivatives: Syntheses and potential applications. Carbohydrate research, 449, 68-85.

3. Kong, F., Ren, H., Faller, R., & Liu, X. S. (2021). Potential Applications of 3ʹ-Deoxy-3ʹ-(18)F-Fluorothymidine as a PET Tracer in the Surveillance Imaging of Anticancer Drug Clinical Trials. Molecules, 26(16), 4877.

4. Yogurtçu, E., Menteş, O., Seçkinli, S., & Arslan, H. (2020). Physical and Microstructural Evaluation of Yogurt Supplemented with Galactooligosaccharide and Trisaccharide (Gal‐β(1→4)GlcNAc‐β(1→3)Gal‐β(1→4)Glc). Journal of Food Science, 85(11), 3577-3584.